Literature Homework

1. I have been Betrayed by one my friends who told another person everything i ever told that friend.During that time period we distanced ourselves from each other and spoke less and hanged out less than usual. Now the other person in which who was told now get on my last nerves because of knowing such information about me which just irritates me and chooses to blame me for my friend's absence after we tried to get to back acquainted with each other but i just forget it if since my friend was being brain washed by that person instead of listening to me !!!!

2. Yes i felt betrayed and misunderstood the situation due to hearing both sides of the story where I understood that some people just don't know when to grow up and act like young adults so that's why i felt the way i felt and misunderstood it.

3.The characters in Shakespeare's plays that one have studied appears to always violent, trickery and tardiness some that it is memorable and excited to the audiences and the readers such as Katharina and Petruchio in "Taming of the Shrew" and  King Hamlet ,Queen Gertrude the wife of King Hamlet,Prince Hamlet the son of King Hamlet, and Claudius his brother in "Hamlet".  Due to lust being one of the reoccurring themes in a Shakespeare play"Taming of the Shew" ;the character of the "shrew"—a word used to indicate an opinionated, domineering, and sharp-tongued woman by the name of Katharina was married to Petruchio who was boastful and selfish his and his behavior is extremely difficult to decipher that is he he never loved her her married her when he was drunk making it lust.  However, trickery came to play since he was only behaving in such a way to tame her . On the other hand in "Hamlet"  Claudius deceives his brother King Hamlet by killing him to that he could take his place in royalty or the lust for power and the fact that he lied to his nephew Prince Hamlet and Queen Gertrude and he also loved his brother wife which is jealousy. Deception, lust and jealousy are more major themes used in his plays which evilness ,tardiness and violence are the causes of such . Therefore, as a result of both "Hamlet" and Taming of the Shrew" one was able to depict why the characters display such personalities which allowed the reader and /or audiences to see Shakespeare's point of view.

4.

The Winter's Tale was one of Shakespeare's last plays, written in the years between 1608 and 1612 and the date in which it was performed was first performed between 1610 and 1610. In the Elizabethan era 

there was a huge demand for new entertainment and The Winter's Tale would have been produced immediately following the completion of the play. It was first printed in 1623 in the First Folio. As William Shakespeare clearly did not want his work published details of the play would have therefore been noted, and often pirated without his consent, following a performance.The settings for The Winter's Tale are Sicily and Bohemia and the theme of the play is categorised as a Comedy. It is said that the number of words within the play is 25,984 according to the Complete Public Domain Text. The protagonists were King Leontes and Perdita. The Famous quotes from the Winter's Tale are among-st Shakespeare's most famous including 'You pay a great deal too dear for what's given freely' - (Act I, Scene I).

Shakespeare found the story in "Pandosto", written in 1588 by Robert Greene. Greene's reference to Shakespeare in his autobiography, Greene's "Groatsworth of Wit" (1592) referred to him as an "upstart crow".

5. The Elizabeth Theater didn't exist until 1576 but  plays were performed in the courtyards of inns and they were referred to as 'inn-yards'.James Burbage built the very first theatre in 1576 with his brother-in-law John Brayne, appropriately named 'The Theater'. The Elizabethan Theaters followed this style of architecture they were called amphitheaters. The Theater was also used for bear baiting, gambling and for immoral purposes. Elizabethan theaters attracted huge crowds  up to 3000 people.Queen Elizabeth came to power, the rise and formalization of English drama was supported and fostered as an inherent part of society. It was during her era that drama began to be recognized as a complex art form to be appreciated, loved and critiqued by the masses. As the literary aspect of Engand's culture began to flourish so too did the development/establishment of several theater.

The Globe theatre was built by a carpenter called Peter Smith together with his workforce. They started building in 1597 and it was finished in 1598

§   Many Londoners were strict Protestants - Puritans in fact, who abhorred the theatres and many of the people they attracted

§   Objections to the Theatres escalated from the Church and the City of London Officials
Respectable citizens added even more objections about the rise in crime and the bawdy nature of some of the plays, fighting, drinking not to mention the risk of so many people and the spread of the Bubonic Plague! In 1596 London's authorities were unwilling to ignore the growing complaints any longer and they banned the public presentation of plays and all Theatres within the City limits of London

§  All Theatres located in the City were forced to move to the South side of the River Thames

6. The Theater of the Absurd started in the late 1940's by the French and it proposes that in an atheistic universe, there is no real reason to human life and thus man-kind finds it hard to converse. There is no reason or logic in man's communication which leads to chaos and havoc; This dissonance eventually leads to silence.

This theatrical style highlights man's loneliness and his request to fight the metaphysical world. "Absurdist works utilise thetrical conventions such as - but not limited to - Mime, Gibberish, Heightened Language, Codified Language and Vignette." The arrangements usually lack struggles, and concentrate on contrast, alienation and irony.

7.William Shakespeare died April 23rd 1616 at the age of 52 in New Place, his house in Stratford upon Avon, England and was buried in Holy Trinity church in Stratford in which cause of death was unknownWilliam Shakespeare was born on 23rd of April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is a market town and civil parish in south Warwickshire, England. Although the exact date is unknown, his birthday is celebrated on the 23rd of April. Elizabethan boys were at first sent to a 'Petty School' between the ages of 5 and 7 years old to start their education . However Shakespeare would have attended King Edward IV Grammar School in Stratford-upon-Avon from the age of 7 in 1571 and left school and formal education when he was fourteen in 1578. He was withdrawn from education in 1577 at the age of fourteen due to his father's financial problems. His Father’s name: John Shakespeare,Mother’s name: Mary Arden and he is has seven siblings, only Judith and four of his brothers survived to adulthood.

Shakespeare's works entail a few comedic plays including: 'All's Well That Ends Well' , 'As You Like It' (1599), 'Comedy of Errors' (1589), 'Love's Labour's Lost', 'Measure for Measure' (1604), 'Merchant of Venice', 'Merry Wives of Windsor' (1600), 'Midsummer Night's Dream' (1595), 'Much Ado about Nothing' (1598), 'Taming of the Shrew' (1593), 'Tempest' (1611), 'Twelfth Night' (1599), 'Two Gentlemen of Verona'(1594) and 'Winter's Tale' (1610). His Histories include: 'Cymbeline' (1609), 'Henry IV, Part I' (1597), 'Henry IV, Part II' (1597), 'Henry V' (1598), 'Henry VI, Part I' (1594), 'Henry VI, Part II' (1590), 'Henry VI, Part III' (1590), 'Henry VIII' (1612), 'King John' (1596), 'Pericles' (1608), 'Richard II' and 'Richard III' (1592). Whereas, a list of his tragedies include: 'Antony and Cleopatra' (1606), 'Coriolanus' (1607), 'Hamlet' (1600), 'Julius Caesar' (1599), 'King Lear' (1605) , 'Macbeth' (1605), 'Othello' (1604), 'Romeo and Juliet' (1594), 'Timon of Athens' (1607) , 'Titus Andronicus' (1593) and 'Troilus and Cressida' (1601). 

Literary Terms

Elements of Drama

ACT-is a division in the action of a play often further divided into scenes. 

SCENE-is a subdivision of an act into a play: a small unit of action and time in the development of a play.

EXPOSITION- is the explanation, often necessary at the beginning of a narrative of events leading up to the start of the narrative.

CONFLICT-is the problem or struggle on which the story is based.

COMPLICATION-is the series of difficulties forming the central action in a narrative.

CLIMAX-is the highest point of the narrative, and all action builds towards it.

DENOUEMENT-is the solution or the unraveling of the plot in a play or story.

PERIPETEIA-is the sudden reversal of fortune in a story, play or any narrative in which there is an observable change in direction.

CHARACTERIZATION-is the process of depicting characters and personality in a narrative, so that the characters feel real.

PROTAGONIST -is the main character in which the events of the plot revolve.

 ANTAGONIST-is a character, group of characters or institution which opposes the protagonist.

MAIN PLOT-is a major event in a narrative/drama usually surrounding the protagonist and antagonist.

SUBPLOT-is a supporting side story in a drama/narrative that often concerns the supporting characters. There is connection to the Main Plot such as time, setting, or thematic significance.

FORMS OF DRAMA

COMEDY- is a type of drama in which the characters experience changes of fortune, usually for the better. 

HISTORY-is a play which is based on historical events.

TRAGEDY-is a series of unlucky events by which one or more of the characters in the story experience several misfortunes, which finally turns into a disaster of ‘epic proportions’.

ROMANCE

TRAGI-COMEDY- is  a mixture of the genres tragedy and comedy where there is a serious film, play or TV show written with a happy ending or with enough jokes throughout to lighten the mood.

THEATER OF THE ABSURD- is a form of drama which highlights the absurdity of the human existence through jumbled dialogues and plots that does not have logical developments.

SATIRE- is a form of comedy that relies on wit and irony to offer social review through imitation and ridicule of its subject.

FARCE-is a comedic film, play or TV show which aims to entertain audiences through astonishing situations.

MODERN DRAMA-is expressed lustily and clearly so that the parties multiply and can clear struggle and amends so that the modern society comprehends.

MELODRAMA-is a drama that exaggerates plot and characters to appeal to the emotion.

FEATURES OF DRAMA

MONOLOGUE- is a discussion or a lecture being done by a single character without another character's feedback.

DIALOGUE-is the conversation of characters in a literary work.

SOLILOQUY-is a lecture in a play in which the audience are the only ones who could hear it, and not the other characters on the stage.

ASIDE- this is words spoken by an actor directly to the audience, which are not "heard" by the other characters on stage during a play.

SET-is the design, decoration, and scenery of the stage during a play, usually meant to represent the location(s) in the drama.

STAGE DIRECTION-is a  playwright's descriptive or interpretive comments that provide readers and actors with information about the dialogue, setting, and action of a play.

STAGE CONVENTIONS-deals with the creating works tied to the story and how those ties affect the audience's response.

CHORUS-is a group of characters in Greek tragedy and in later forms of drama, who comment on the action of a play without taking part in it.

DRAMTIC UNITIES- are rules that were originated from Aristotle that require a dramatic work to be unified in terms of its time, place, and action.

DISGUISE-is to change the appearance of one’s self in which one's identity is hidden as by means of deception.

LITERARY DEVICES

IMAGERY-is the figurative language that present from words.

MOTIF-is any part, subject, idea or concept that is constantly present through the entire body of literature.

SYMBOLISM-is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning.

DRAMATIC IRONY-is when facts are not known to the characters in a work of literature but are known by the audience.

TRAGIC IRONY- is the use of dramatic irony in a tragedy, so that the audience knows that a character's words or actions will bring about a tragic or fatal result, while the character himself is not.

JUXTAPOSITION- is when the author places a person, concept, place, idea or theme parallel to another.

LITERARY CONTEXT

SOCIAL-is the culture that individuals was well-informed or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom the person interacts.

HISTORICAL-this shows the point in which something takes place or was created and how beneficial it is and how it is interpreted. 

POLITICAL-this displays the environment in which something is created produced indicating its purpose or agenda

RELIGIOUS-this shows one's belief and what a person believes in.

ETHNIC-this reflects the attributes of persons or a group, that has one common interest and distinctive culture, religion or language.

MORAL- this sets the quality of the principled or thoughtful tone of the story.

INTELLECTUAL-is the rational procedure, educational background and performance of an individual or individuals.

CULTURAL-is the dominant principles and morals of the main characters in the book/story.